An efficient payment system needs a sound and appropriate legal framework. Here the term ‘legal framework’ refers to the legal environment that comprises the following: Various issues such as insolvency…

The pace of the change in the regulatory framework of an international economy has increased since 2008 so that stability can be attained in it. As a result, the treasurers…

What is Integrated Treasury Management in Banks? Integrated Treasury Management in banks refers to a comprehensive approach to managing a bank's treasury functions in a coordinated and efficient manner. The…

What is Payment Channels? Payment channels refer to a mechanism in blockchain and cryptocurrency technology that enables users to conduct off-chain transactions. These channels allow parties to make multiple transactions…

What is Payment Systems? A payment system is a set of processes, infrastructure, and rules that facilitate the transfer of monetary value between individuals, businesses, and entities. The primary purpose…

The main forms of interest rate risk include repricing risk, yield curve risk, basis risk and optionality. Interest rate changes have a negative effect on both the bank’s earnings and…

What is Interest Rate Exposure? Interest rate exposure can be defined as the potential loss that banks may incur due to fluctuations in interest rates. This risk arises as the…

The concept of risk refers to uncertainty with regard to the outcome of an event. The uncertainty might imply potential future losses. Foreign exchange transactions involve risk in terms of…

What is Exchange Rate Determination? Exchange rate determination refers to the process by which the value of one currency is established in terms of another currency. In other words, it…

What is Liquidity Management? Liquidity management refers to the strategic planning and control of a company's cash and liquid assets to ensure it has enough funds to meet its short-term…